A box plot summarizes a numeric distribution with five landmarks: minimum, first quartile (Q1), median, third quartile (Q3), and maximum or whisker endpoints. The box spans the middle 50% of values, so its length is the interquartile range (IQR).
The median line shows the center without assuming a normal distribution. A long box, unequal whiskers, or a median close to one edge can reveal spread and skew that an average alone would hide.
With the common Tukey rule, whiskers extend to the most extreme observed values still within 1.5×IQR of Q1 and Q3. Values beyond those fences are plotted individually as possible outliers—not automatically treated as errors.
Q1
The 25th percentile and lower edge of the box.
Median
The 50th percentile and line inside the box.
Q3
The 75th percentile and upper edge of the box.
IQR and whiskers
IQR is Q3−Q1; whiskers show non-outlying range under the selected rule.











