A box plot summarizes a numeric distribution with five landmarks: the minimum, first quartile (Q1), median, third quartile (Q3) and maximum, or the whisker endpoints. The box spans the middle 50% of values, so its length is the interquartile range (IQR).
The median line shows the center without assuming a normal distribution. A long box, unequal whiskers or a median near one edge reveals spread and skew that an average alone would hide.
With the common Tukey rule, whiskers reach the most extreme values still within 1.5×IQR of Q1 and Q3. Values beyond those fences are plotted as individual points. They are possible outliers, not automatic errors.
Q1
The 25th percentile and lower edge of the box.
Median
The 50th percentile and line inside the box.
Q3
The 75th percentile and upper edge of the box.
IQR and whiskers
IQR is Q3 − Q1. Whiskers show the non-outlying range under the selected rule.











